These papers describe characteristics of the Family Spirit intervention and its effectiveness in improving
parenting outcomes and mothers’ and children’s emotional and behavioral functioning from pregnancy
to 3 years postpartum.
- Barlow A, Varipatis-Baker E, Speakman K, et al. Home-visiting intervention to improve child care
among American Indian adolescent mothers: A randomized trial. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.
2006; 160(11):1101-1107. - Walkup JT, Barlow A, Mullany BC, et al. Randomized controlled trial of a paraprofessional-
delivered in-home intervention for young reservation-based American Indian mothers. J Am
Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;48(6):591-601. - Barlow A, Mullany B, Neault N, et al. Effect of a Paraprofessional Home-Visiting Intervention on
American Indian Teen Mothers’ and Infants’ Behavioral Risks: A Randomized Controlled
Trial. American Journal of Psychiatry 2013; 170:83–93. - Barlow A, Mullany B, Neault N, et al. Paraprofessional Delivered, Home-Visiting Intervention for
American Indian Teen Mothers and Children: Three-Year Outcomes from a Randomized
Controlled Trial. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2015; 172(2):154-162. doi:
10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14030332. - Rosenstock S, Ingalls A, Foy Cuddy R, et al. Effect of a home-visiting intervention to reduce early
childhood obesity among native american children: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr. - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.3557.
